Handling 401(k) Loan Balances
The participant may have taken out a loan against the 401(k). If so, the QDRO must specify whether the alternate payee (usually the former spouse) receives a share of the account before or after subtracting the loan balance.
If the loan is substantial, it affects how much is truly available for division. The QDRO needs to be clear—otherwise, the alternate payee could receive less than expected.

